Oil palm production contributes in important ways to economic growth and people’s livelihoods in Indonesia, and hence can support the transition to a more bio-based economy if social, economic and environmental trade-offs are adequately addressed. Such tradeoffs have become most obvious among small-scale oil palm producers. In this landscape talk we showcase results from a comprehensive Cost-Benefit-Analysis (CBA) of independent smallholder palm oil production systems in Central Kalimantan and highlight constraints and determinants affecting productivity and environmental performance with a subsequent showcase of potential market-based intervention options.