Phytoremediation of heavy metal and metalloid: potentials for mangrove ecosystems
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Abstract
For plants, metals are natural components, some metals are nutrients needed in small amount necessary for plant growth, while others have unknown biological function but taken up by plants. Intensive industrial mining activities such as gold and nickel and unregulated artisanal mining in Sulawesi caused metals pollution and some studies showed increasing of metals (loid) discharged to stream. If no remediation is undertaken, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals through food chain can become greater concern for human health. Mangroves are coastal trees and shrubs capable of adapting with high tidal range and inundation of saline water. Due to their unique growing location, mangroves receive heavy metal pollution from upstream areas and the sea. Mangrove is like coastal bio shield since it plays critical role to reduce wave and increase sedimentation. Mangroves and their sediments are having important ecological value. Both are projected as natural sink for heavy metals or metalloid owing to high capacity to take up metals from tidal waters, rivers and other sources.
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